Robert II, Duke of Normandy

Robert Curthose, the eldest son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders, was born around 1051. He became Duke of Normandy as Robert II in 1087, following his father's death. Known for his short stature, he was often at odds with his brothers, William II and Henry I, over the English throne. Robert's reign involved internal family conflicts and external challenges.

In his early years, Robert was engaged to Margaret of Maine, but she died before their marriage. He later became Count of Maine, although his rule there was short-lived due to a revolt. Robert's relationship with his father was strained, leading to several rebellious acts, including an attempted siege of Rouen Castle. His mother, Queen Matilda, often mediated between him and his father, but her death in 1083 led to further estrangement.

Robert participated in the First Crusade, mortgaging his duchy to fund his journey. He played roles in battles such as Dorylaeum and the Siege of Antioch, and was involved in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Upon returning from the Crusade, he married Sybilla of Conversano, with whom he had a son, William Clito.

Robert Curthose died around 3 February 1134 at Cardiff Castle and was buried in Gloucester Cathedral. His brother Henry I succeeded in absorbing Normandy into English control following Robert's defeat at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106.