Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy

Robert II of Normandy, also known as Robert Curthose, was the eldest son of William the Conqueror. He succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy in 1087 and held the position until 1106. Robert was a claimant to the English throne but was unsuccessful. His rule in Normandy was marked by conflicts with his brothers William II and Henry I. To participate in the First Crusade, he mortgaged his duchy and was a key commander there. However, his disputes with Henry I culminated in his defeat at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106, leading to his imprisonment and Normandy’s absorption into England.

Robert was born to William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders around 1051. As a young noble, he was engaged to Margaret of Maine but she died before marriage. Known for his military prowess, Robert nonetheless had a strained relationship with his father and brothers, leading to several insurrections. After his mother’s death, he traveled widely, fathering illegitimate children. In 1087, he inherited Normandy from his father but his reign was fraught with rebellion and financial difficulties. After the First Crusade, he returned to find his brother Henry I had seized the English throne. Robert’s attempt to claim the crown failed, and he was eventually captured and imprisoned by Henry following further conflicts.