Philip IV of France

Philip IV, also known as Philip the Fair, was King of France from 1285 until his death in 1314, and through marriage to Joan I of Navarre, he became King of Navarre and Count of Champagne. His rule is noted for his attempts to expand royal power by diminishing the influence of the nobility and clergy, relying on civil servants for governance. Philip’s reign was significant in the centralization of France and in setting the stage for modern statehood. He also sought to place his relatives on foreign thrones, impacting European politics during his era.

Philip’s reign saw conflicts with England and Flanders, the expulsion of Jews, and the destruction of the Knights Templar. He attempted to assert control over the Catholic Church in France, leading to clashes with Pope Boniface VIII. This culminated in the transfer of the papal residence to Avignon. His final years were marred by the Tour de Nesle affair, a scandal involving his daughters-in-law. His sons succeeded him but died without male heirs, leading to a succession crisis and the eventual Hundred Years’ War.