King Louis IX of France

Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, was born on 25 April 1214 in Poissy, France. He became King of France in 1226 following the death of his father, Louis VIII. His mother, Blanche of Castile, served as regent during his minority and continued to advise him throughout her life. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12 and was known for his devout Christianity and commitment to Catholic orthodoxy.

During his reign, Louis IX faced conflicts with powerful nobles such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter I of Brittany. He also dealt with external threats, including the attempts of England's Henry III to reclaim Angevin territories, which Louis thwarted at the Battle of Taillebourg. He expanded French territory by annexing regions like parts of Aquitaine, Maine, and Provence. Louis was known for his legal reforms, including the abolition of trials by ordeal and the introduction of the presumption of innocence.

Louis IX led the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, fulfilling a vow made during a severe illness. He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade and later died during the Eighth Crusade. His reign is often seen as a time of economic and political strength for France, and he was respected throughout Christendom for his fairness and piety.

Louis IX died on 25 August 1270 in Tunis from dysentery and was buried at the Basilica of St Denis and Monreale Cathedral. He was succeeded by his son, Philip III.