Emma of Normandy

Emma of Normandy, also known as Ælfgifu in royal documents, was a noblewoman born around 984. She was the daughter of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, and Gunnor. Emma became Queen of England through her marriage to King Æthelred the Unready in 1002, aiming to strengthen ties between England and Normandy. During her marriage to Æthelred, she had two sons, Edward the Confessor and Alfred Ætheling, and a daughter, Goda of England.

After Æthelred's death in 1016, Emma married Cnut the Great, becoming Queen of England again in 1017, and later Queen of Denmark and Norway. Her marriage to Cnut was initially a political alliance but reportedly grew affectionate. Together, they had a son, Harthacnut, and a daughter, Gunhilda. Emma was involved in the politics of her time, especially during the reigns of her sons Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor.

Emma was a central figure in the Encomium Emmae Reginae, a key historical source. She acted as regent for her son Harthacnut in 1035 and was involved in the political struggles following Cnut's death. Her authority was also reflected in her extensive landholdings and influence over ecclesiastical appointments in England.

Emma of Normandy died on 6 March 1052 at the age of approximately 68 and was buried in the Old Minster, Winchester. After her death, her son Edward the Confessor succeeded to the throne.